Biography

Anthony Caro (born 1924) has played a pivotal role in the development of twentieth century sculpture. After studying sculpture at the Royal Academy Schools in London, he worked as assistant to Henry Moore. He came to public attention with a show at the Whitechapel Gallery in 1963, where he exhibited large abstract sculptures brightly painted and standing directly on the ground. They engage the spectator on a one-to-one basis. This was a radical departure from the way sculpture had hitherto been seen and paved the way for future developments in three-dimensional art.
Anthony Caro with Trojan War Sculptures
Caro’s teaching at St Martin’s School of Art in London (1953-1981) was very influential. His questioning approach opened up new possibilities, both formally and with regard to subject matter. His innovative work as well as his teaching led to a flowering and a new confidence in sculpture worldwide. Caro often works in steel, but also in a diverse range of other materials, including bronze, silver, lead, stoneware, wood and paper. Major exhibitions include retrospectives at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (1975), the Trajan Markets, Rome (1992) and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo (1995), Sculpture into Architecture at the Tate Gallery, London (1991), Sculpture from Painting at the National Gallery, London (1998) and The Last Judgement at the Venice Biennale (1999). He has been awarded many prizes, including the Praemium Imperiale for Sculpture in Tokyo in 1992 and the Lifetime Achievement Award for Sculpture in 1997. He holds many honorary degrees from universities in the UK, USA and Europe. He was knighted in 1987 and received the Order of Merit in May 2000.
1924	Born 8 March, New Malden, Surrey, son of Alfred and Mary Caro, both families from Norwich, father a stockbroker
1937-42	Attends Charterhouse School, Godalming, Surrey
1942-44	Studies engineering at Christ’s College, Cambridge  During vacations attends Farnham School of Art and works in studio of sculptor Charles Wheeler RA
1944-46	Serves in Fleet Air Arm of Royal Navy
1946-47	Attends Regent Street Polytechnic, studies sculpture with Geoffrey Deeley
1947-52	Receives strict academic training at Royal Academy Schools, London, taught by different sculptor Royal Academicians (MacWilliam, Hardiman, Charoux and Maurice Lambert) Studies and copies Greek, Etruscan, Romanesque and Gothic sculpture
1948	Awarded two silver medals (clay figure modelling, carving) and one bronze medal (composition) from Royal Academy Schools
1949	Marries the painter Sheila Girling (two sons Timothy 1951, Paul 1958)
	Anthony Caro with Henry Moore c.1952
1951-53	Moves to Much Hadham, Hertfordshire with wife and family to work as part-time assistant to Henry Moore Continues to draw from the model at Royal Academy Schools
1953-81	Teaches two days weekly at St Martin's School of Art, London; students include David Annesley, Michael Bolus, Richard Deacon, David Evison, Barry Flanagan, Hamish Fulton, Gilbert & George, Brower Hatcher, Peter Hide, Phillip King, Richard Long, Tim Scott, William Tucker and Isaac Witkin Joins Frank Martin, Head of Sculpture Department, in reorganising the department and developing the curriculum  Integrates sculpture and drawing into a single class with a view to understanding rather than copying the subject.
1954	Family moves to Hampstead  Makes figurative sculpture in clay and plaster, sometimes cast in bronze, such as Man Holding His Foot (1954)   During summer vacations at Porlock, Somerset, makes moulds of rocks and cliff outcroppings, which are incorporated along with pebbles and stones into figurative sculptures
	Anthony Caro at his Hampstead studio c.1955
1955	Two figurative sculptures included in group exhibition ‘New Painters and Painter-Sculptors’, Institute of Contemporary Art, London
1956	First one-man exhibition at Galleria del Naviglio, Milan; twenty sculptures shown, expressionist figures and heads modelled in clay or plaster, including Woman Waking Up (1955)
1957	First one-man exhibition in London: Gimpel Fils Gallery
1958	Man Taking Off His Shirt (1955/56) exhibited at the Venice Biennale
1959	First Paris Biennale for young artists; sculptures exhibited include Woman with Flowers (1958) and Woman On Her Back (1951). Awarded prize for sculpture, which enables him to visit Carnac, Brittany where he studies the primitive menhirs and dolmens Tate Gallery purchases Woman Waking Up (1955)  Meets Clement Greenberg in London; subsequent conversations and studio visits over many years are a great influence on his approach and his attitude to art  Visits USA for the first time on Ford Foundation English Speaking Union grant; meets sculptor David Smith and painter Kenneth Noland, as well as Robert Motherwell, Helen Frankenthaler, Richard Diebenkorn, Ed Keinholz and other New York and West Coast painters
	Caro exhibition at the Whitechapel Gallery 1963
1960	In London makes first abstract sculptures in steel, starting with Twenty Four Hours (1961), now in the Tate Gallery collection  Radical change in his ideas forces him to rethink his teaching methods. Frank Martin sets up a welding shop at St Martin's; experimental atmosphere in school and working relationship with students provide forum for stimulating exchanges
1961	Makes first polychrome sculpture, Sculpture Seven (1961) Exhibits the only sculpture, The Horse (1961), in ‘New London Situation’, an exhibition of ‘situation paintings’ selected by Lawrence Alloway and held at Marlborough New London Gallery
1963	Large one-man exhibition of fifteen abstract steel sculptures at Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, organised by its director, Bryan Robertson. Sculptures exhibited include Twenty Four Hours (1961), Midday (1960), Sculpture Seven (1961), Early One Morning (1962), Month of May (1963) and Pompadour (1963) Included in group show at Kasmin Limited, London. Kasmin continues to show Caro’s work regularly: solo exhibitions 1965, 1967, 1971, 1972 and (under the name of Knoedler Gallery) 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1989, 1991
1963-65	Teaches at Bennington College, Bennington, Vermont: other members of faculty include painters Jules Olitski, Paul Feeley and Peter Stroud Renews contact with Noland and Smith who live nearby Noland suggests Caro works in series, which he has done many times since  Large garage belonging to the Bennington College Fire Department made available for Caro's use as a temporary studio and he produces a number of works, including Titan (1964) and Bennington (1964)
1964	First one-man exhibition in New York at André Emmerich Gallery; five sculptures shown include Prospect (1964). Emmerich continues to exhibit Caro’s work regularly: solo exhibitions in New York 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982 (twice), 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1994 and at Galerie André Emmerich, Zürich, in 1974,1978, 1985  Exhibits Month of May (1963) and Hopscotch (1962) at Documenta III, Kassel, Germany
	Prairie (Collection Lois and Georges de Menil)
1965	Exhibits Early One Morning (1962) in group show entitled 'British Sculpture in the Sixties' at the Tate Gallery, London, organised by the Contemporary Art Society; CAS presents Early One Morning to the Tate Gallery collection  Exhibition at Washington Gallery of Modern Art, Washington DC, includes Twenty Four Hours (1960), Sculpture Seven (1961) and Prospect  (1964) For the next two decades visits USA 3-4 times a year, usually working there for about a month each time
1966	Exhibits at Venice Biennale in the British Pavilion with painters Richard Smith, Harold Cohen, Bernard Cohen and Robyn Denny in exhibition entitled 'Five Young British Artists'  Exhibits in 'Primary Structures: Younger American and British Sculptors' at the Jewish Museum, New York, organised by Kynaston McShine  Following conversation with Michael Fried begins to make small sculptures, using handles and coming over the edge of the table; calls these Table Pieces  In larger works such as Red Splash (1966) and The Window (1966/67) incorporates grills and mesh screens
1967	Retrospective exhibition at Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, Holland  Acquires stock of raw materials from estate of the late David Smith  Exhibits Prairie (1967) and Deep Body Blue (1967) at Kasmin Ltd, London
1968	Development of table sculptures; incorporates steel table-height surfaces into large scale sculptures including Trefoil (1968) Exhibits Titan (1964) in 'Noland, Louis and Caro', Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
1969	Retrospective exhibition at Hayward Gallery, London, consisting of fifty works made 1954-1968, organised by Joanna Drew, with a catalogue essay by Michael Fried Exhibits, with John Hoyland, in British Section of Tenth São Paulo Biennale Moves studio to former piano factory in Camden Town, London Patrick Cunningham becomes Caro's studio assistant in London Purchases parts of agricultural machinery, including plough shares and propeller blades, which are used in sculptures incorporating different levels, including Orangerie (1969) and Sun Feast (1969)
	Anthony Caro working at the Ripamonte steel factory 1972
1970	Works each year for short periods at Kenneth Noland’s studio at Shaftsbury, Vermont, assisted by James Wolfe and later Willard Boepple  Makes unpainted steel sculptures where the rusted steel is varnished or waxed, such as The Bull (1970)  Exhibits Pink Stack (1969) in the exhibition ‘Contemporary British Art’ at the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo  Exhibits Orangerie and Sun Feast at André Emmerich Gallery, New York; Sun Feast bought by Lewis Cabot, who becomes an important collector of Caro works
1971	Invited to judge Perth Prize at 1971 Drawing International at Western Australia Art Gallery, Perth  Travels around the world with his family visiting Mexico, New Zealand, Australia and India, lecturing at art schools and universities
1972	Makes series of seven rusted steel sculptures, the Straight series, based on the H-beam  Works at Ripamonte factory in Veduggio, Brianza, with James Wolfe as assistant; makes fourteen sculptures using soft edge roll end steel
1973	Obtains soft edge roll end steel from Consett, County Durham, England; makes Durham Purse and Durham Steel Flat (1973/74) Museum of Modern Art, New York, acquires Midday (1960)
1974	Works at York Steel Company factory in Toronto; makes large sculptures using heavy steel handling equipment such as mobile cranes, assisted by sculptors James Wolfe, Willard Boepple and André Fauteux. Returning many times over the next two years completes 37 sculptures, later known as the Flats series, including Lake Ontario Flats (1974), Pin Up Flat (1974), Scorched Flats (1974) and Surprise Flats (1974)
	Anthony Caro working on the National Gallery Ledge Piece 1978
1975	Retrospective exhibition at Museum of Modern Art, New York (which later travels to Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Museum of Fine Art, Houston and Museum of Fine Art, Boston) Works in ceramic clay at workshop organised by Margie Hughto at Syracuse University, New York.
1976	Presented with key to the City of New York by Mayor Abraham Beame
1977	Retrospective exhibition of table sculptures organised by The British Council tours to Israel, Australia, New Zealand and Germany  Artist in residence at Emma Lake summer workshop, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, using tubular steel in a linear mode. Sculptures made there, later known as the Emma series, include Emma Dipper (1977, now in the Tate Gallery collection) and Emma Dance (1977/78)
1978	Makes first 'writing pieces': small calligraphic sculptures in steel, often including tools or other utensils Experience of working with clay leads to the use of clay parts cast in bronze welded directly to plate bronze and brass Executes commission for architect I M Pei’s new East Wing building of the National Gallery, Washington, DC
	Participants in the 1987 Triangle Workshop
1980	Makes a series of bronze screens  Invited by Rodger Mack to work in bronze at Can Company factory, converted into sculpture department of Syracuse University; makes Can Co series and Water Street series  Begins series of lead and wood sculptures
1981	Makes series of sculptures in handmade paper, mostly wall reliefs, with Ken Tyler at Tyler Graphics, New York Exhibits 12 large steel sculptures at Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt, later travelling to Saarland Museum, Saarbrücken, Germany
1982	Delivers William Townsend Memorial Lecture on sculpture at University College, London  Together with Robert Loder organises the first Triangle Workshop for thirty sculptors and painters from USA, England and Canada at Pine Plains, New York; over the years artists from many countries attend. Participates annually thereafter until 1991, when leadership is handed over to Willard Boepple, Jon Isherwood and Karen Wilkin  Paints in acrylic at Helen Frankenthaler’s studio in New York
1984	60th Birthday solo exhibition at Serpentine Gallery, London, organised by The Arts Council; later tours to Whitworth Art Gallery, University of Manchester, Leeds City Art Gallery, Ordrupgaardsamlingen, Copenhagen, Kunstmuseum, Düsseldorf and Fundacio Joan Miró, Barcelona Completes first sculpture with an architectural dimension where the spectator is invited to enter the work and experience its inner space: Child’s Tower Room (1983/84) in Japanese oak; shown in the Arts Council touring exhibition ‘Four Rooms’, which opens at Liberty’s, London
	Anthony Caro with ‘Elephant Palace’ at his Camden Town studio 1989
1985	Builds a barn at Ancram, New York state, to be used as US studio Jon Isherwood becomes Caro’s US studio assistant  Guest leader at sculptors’ workshop at Jan van Eyck Academie, Maastricht Delivers Delia Heron Lecture, Falmouth School of Art  Visits Greece for the first time
1986	Completes Scamander (1985/86) and Rape of the Sabines (1985/86), in a series of sculptures inspired by Greek pediments
1987	Leads  ‘Stahl 87’ workshop at the Werkstatt Berlin  Creates large bronze sculpture, Chicago Fugue (1986/87), for John Buck Company, South Lasalle Street, Chicago  At Triangle Workshop at Pine Plains, New York works with Frank Gehry on architectural/sculptural ‘village’  Participates in special Triangle workshop in Barcelona and starts Barcelona series, which he later returns to Spain to finish Delivers the Contemporary Art Society’s Fourth Annual Lecture, ‘The Artist’s Method’, at Tate Gallery, London  Makes After Olympia (1986/87) in London, his largest sculpture to date
1988	After Olympia (1986/87) is installed on roof garden of Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, for duration of the summer Concludes investigation of pediment-inspired works with Xanadu (1986/88) Starts series of 33 table sculptures made from steel elements brought back from the Barcelona workshop to London studio; calls these the Catalan series
1989	Exhibits selection from the Barcelona and Catalan series at the Sala de Exposiciones del Banco Bilbao Vizcaya, Barcelona  Retrospective exhibition at Walker Hill Art Center, Seoul; visits Korea and India  Attends steel sculpture workshop, University of Alberta, Edmonton, and bronze workshop at Red Deer College, Alberta  Begins working on the Cascades series of 14 table sculptures, which often involve the floor and even the wall  First solo show at Annely Juda Fine Art, London, entitled Aspects of Anthony Caro; subsequent solo exhibitions in 1991, 1994, 1998 and 2001
	Anthony Caro working on paper sculptures in Obama 1990
1990	Completes work on Night Movements (1987/90), a single work in four separate units, now in the Tate Gallery collection Visits Japan and at Nagatani’s workshop, Obama, starts series of paper sculptures, later completed in England
1991	Completes two sculptures involving a dialogue with architecture: Sea Music (1991) for the quayside in Poole, Dorset, and Tower of Discovery (1991) Exhibition of four recent large sculptures in the Duveen Galleries of the Tate Gallery, London: After Olympia, Tower of Discovery, Xanadu and Night Movements Exhibits selections of the Cascades table pieces (1989/90) at Annely Juda Fine Art, London and André Emmerich Gallery, New York
1992	Retrospective exhibition in the ancient Trajan Markets, Rome, organised by Giovanni Caradente and The British Council Tower of Discovery (1991) shown at the World Expo Fair, Seville  Obama paper works shown at Fuji Television Gallery, Tokyo Makes Chant des montagnes (1993/94) for Musée de Grenoble, France  The British Council tours the Cascades series (1989/90) to museums in Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Germany, Holland, Slovenia and Slovakia  Makes a series of ceramic sculptural elements at the workshop of Hans Spinner near Grasse, France; these are later combined with wood and steel in the London studio to form The Trojan War
1994	Caro Noland Olitski workshop, symposium and exhibition at Hartford Art School, Connecticut
1994-95	Several exhibitions organised to celebrate the artist’s 70th birthday, including ‘Sculpture Through Five Decades’ at Annely Juda Fine Art, London, later shown at Galerie Hans Mayer, Düsseldorf and (in a modified version) Kukje Gallery, Seoul  One-man exhibitions at André Emmerich Gallery, New York, Richard Gray Gallery, Chicago, and Constantine Grimaldis Gallery, Baltimore  Exhibition of table sculptures organised by Kettle’s Yard Gallery, Cambridge; later tours to Manchester and Sheffield  The Trojan War (1993/94) at the Iveagh Bequest, Kenwood, London and Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Wakefield  Major sculpture installation commissioned by the Henry Moore Sculpture Trust for the Henry Moore Studio at Dean Clough, Halifax: Halifax Steps - Ziggurats and Spirals (1994) further explore the dialogue between sculpture and architecture
	‘Tower of Discovery’, ‘Pool’ and ‘Palanquin’ at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo 1995
1995	Caro’s largest retrospective exhibition of 113 works opens the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo; curated by Yasuyoshi Saito with architectural settings specially designed by Tadao Ando
1996	Goodwood Steps (1996) displayed at the Hat Hill Sculpture Foundation, Goodwood, until 1998, then at Chicago Navy Pier, Chicago Shown along with Chillida, Jacobsen, Luginbühl in 'Plätze und Platzzeichen' at Museum Würth, Künzelsau, Germany
1996-97	The Trojan War (1993/94) is shown in Greece at Thessaloniki and at the National Gallery, Athens With the architect Norman Foster and the engineer Chris Wise wins the competition for a new footbridge spanning the Thames from St Paul's to Tate Modern at Bankside, London
1998	‘Caro-Sculpture from Painting’ exhibited at the National Gallery, London; the first occasion a contemporary sculptor has been invited to hold a one-man show there Exhibition of new works at Annely Juda Fine Art, followed by exhibitions in Amsterdam, Seoul and New York  The Trojan War exhibited at the Marlborough Gallery, New York  Works in theatre for the first time, designing the sets and props for Northern Broadsides’ dramatic interpretation of Milton’s Samson Agonistes at the Viaduct Theatre, Dean Clough, Halifax (director Barrie Rutter, costumes Sheila Girling)
1999	The Last Judgement (1995/99) shown at 48th Venice Biennale; a 25-part sculpture in terracotta, wood and steel, made in response to the atrocities of the 20th century  New Marlborough Gallery in Boca Raton, Florida, shows Arena Pieces Begins work on Duccio Variations series after accepting an invitation from the National Gallery to make work in response to its collection, having chosen Duccio's The Annunciation (1311) Returns to Ken Tyler's paper workshop in New York and makes the Paper Book series
	‘The Last Judgement’ in the Antichi Granai, Venice 1999
2000	Receives the Order of Merit, restricted to 24 living members, as the first sculptor to be awarded this special distinction since Henry Moore in 1963 Exhibition at Venice Design Gallery of works from the Concerto series (1999-2000) inspired by music and incorporating parts of musical instruments as well as a new material, cast brass Three works from the series of seven Duccio Variations (1999-2000) made in different materials from steel and wood to iron and Perspex included in the Encounters exhibition at the National Gallery, London The Last Judgement inaugurates the new wing of Museo des Bellas Artes, Bilbao Portland Museum, Oregon, which already had two Caro works in its collection, obtained another eight with the acquisition of the Clement Greenberg collection
2001	The Last Judgement is exhibited at the Johanniter Kirche, Schwäbisch Hall, Germany to coincide with the opening of the new Kunsthalle Würth An educational exhibition A Sculptor’s Development  - Anthony Caro, is shown in Lewes, Sussex, touring to Street, Somerset and Château-Musée de Dieppe, France (2002) Duccio Variations, Gold Blocks and Concerto pieces exhibited at Marlborough Gallery, New York Exhibitions at Marlborough Gallery, Santiago and Galerie Hans Mayer, Düsseldorf Caro at Longside: Sculpture and Sculptitecture, exhibition of large architectural inspired works opens new gallery space at Longside, Yorkshire Sculpture Park
2002	Included in Blast to Freeze: British Art of the 20th Century at Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg and travelling to Les Abattoirs, Toulouse Exhibitions at Galeria Metta, Madrid, Galleria Lawrence Rubin, Milan, Galeria Altair, Palma de Mallorca and Galerie Besson, London Anthony Caro: Drawing in Space - Sculptures from 1964 to 1988 and The Last Judgement shown at Gaudi's La Pedrera in Barcelona, organised by Fundacio Caixa Catalunya The Barbarians (1999-2002), a group of mythical horsemen assembled from stoneware, wood and steel, is first shown at Mitchell-Innes & Nash, New York
	'The Barbarians' 2000/02
2003	The Barbarians shown with works from the Paper Books series and Europa and the Bull (2000-2002), another figurative stoneware and steel construction Exhibitions at Hubert Gallery, New York (figure studies) and Galerie Joan Prats, Barcelona (works on paper) A selection of Emma sculptures and related later work is shown at Frederik Meijer Sculpture Park, Grand Rapids, Michigan, touring to Meadows Museum, Dallas
2004	80th birthday marked with display of Sculpture Two (1962) outside Tate Britain and exhibitions all over the world, including Artemis Greenberg van Doren (Nov/Dec 2003) and Garth Clark Gallery in New York, C Grimaldis Gallery in Baltimore, Galerie Josine Bokhoven in Aamsterdam and (early 2005) Mitchell-Innes & Nash in New York and Galerie Daniel Templon in Paris, as well as several new books, television programmes and extensive newspaper coverage Caro in Focus inaugurates the new Sudhaus galleries at Kunsthalle Würth, Schwäbisch Hall The Way It Is presents 16 new works, including Caro's first monumental sculpture in stoneware, at Kenwood House, London The Barbarians travel to the Museum of Art, Seoul At the studio, works on galvanised, abstract sculptures which incorporate real objects
2005	Major retrospective at Tate Britain, London, covering all principal phases of Caro's career from the 1950s to the present, including a huge new architectural commission for the South Duveen gallery, Millbank Steps (2004). Tours in reduced form to IVAM, Valencia Exhibition at Galeria Metta, Madrid, focus display of works from the Greenberg Collection at Portland Art Museum, Oregon, joint mini-retrospective at Marc Selwyn Fine Art and Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles and a Manet-Caro Correspondences show at Musée d'Orsay, Paris The Kenwood series tours in the US under the title A Life in Sculpture to Scripps College, California, Bentley Projects, Texas and (spring 2006) Garth Clark Gallery, New York
	Caro's studio with recent work, 2004
2006	Creates a jewellery series for Joyerias Grassy, Madrid The Barbarians travel at IVAM, Valencia, to mark the awarding of the International Julio Gonzàles Award of the Generalitat Valenciana The Weekday Series shown at Galeria Altair, Palma
2007	Joint exhibition with Sheila Girling at the New Arts Centre, Wiltshire includes 12 sculptures from the Flats series made at York Steel Company, Toronto in 1974 Exhibition at Galleri Weinberger in Copenhagen and showing of sculptured portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, London New galvanised work shown at Annely Juda Fine Art, London and Mitchell-Innes & Nash, New York

Awards and Memberships 1947 Landseer Scholarship, First Landseer Award, Royal Academy Schools, London 1959 Sculpture Prize, First Paris Biennale Ford Foundation – English Speaking Union travel grant 1966 David E Bright Foundation Prize, Venice Biennale 1968 Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of East Anglia, England 1969 Commander of the Order of the British Empire Prizewinner, São Paulo Biennale 1976 Presented with key to New York City by Mayor Abraham Beame 1979 Honorary Member of American Academy and Institute of Arts & Letters Honorary Doctor of Letters, York University, Toronto, Canada 1981 Honorary Degree, Brandeis University, Massachusetts, USA Honorary Fellow, Christ's College, Cambridge University, England 1981-83 Member of Council, Royal College of Art, London 1982-89 Trustee, Tate Gallery, London 1982-92 Member of Council, Slade School of Art, London 1984 Trustee, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England 1985 Honorary Doctor of Letters, Cambridge University, England 1986 Honorary Fellow , Royal College of Art, London 1987 Honorary Degree, University of Surrey, England Knight Bachelor, Queen's Birthday Honours 1988 Honorary Foreign Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1989 Honorary Fine Arts Degree, Yale University, Connecticut, USA 1990 Honorary Fine Arts Degree, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 1991 Honorary Fellow, Wolfson College, Oxford The Henry Moore Grand Prize: First Nobutaka Shikanai Prize, Hakone Open Air Museum, Tokyo, Japan 1992 Honorary Member, Accademia delle Belle Arte di Brera, Milan, Italy Praemium Imperiale Prize for Sculpture, Japan Art Association, Tokyo 1993 Honorary Doctor of Letters, Winchester School of Art, University of Southampton, England 1994 Honorary Doctorate, Royal College of Art, London 1996 Chevalier des Arts et Lettres, France Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Charles de Gaulle, Lille, France Honorary Doctor of Letters, Durham University, England 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award, International Sculpture Center, USA Honorary Fine Arts Degree, Florida International University, USA Honorary Fellow, Royal Institute of British Architects, London Honorary Fellow, Royal Society of British Sculptors, London 1998 Honorary Board of Trustees, International Sculpture Center, USA Honorary Fellow, Glasgow School of Art, Scotland Honorary Fellow, Bretton Hall College, University of Leeds, England 1999 Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Westminster, London 2000 Order of Merit conferred by HM Queen Elizabeth 2004 Honorary Fellowship, University of Arts, London Senior Academician, Royal Academy of Art, London International Award for Visual Arts, Cristobal Gabarron Foundation 2005 6th International Julio Gonzàles Award of the Generalitat Valenciana 2006 Honorary Degree, University of London 2008 AECA Gran Premio as Best Living International Artist Represented at ARCO'08